Characterization of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Flour Films: Effects of pH and Plasticizer Concentration.

The use of flours as a material for biopolymer-based film preparation has gained interest due to the fact that they are a natural mixture of compatible macromolecules and due to their low cost. Chickpea flour shows a promising composition for the development of edible films. The aim of this study was to characterize and evaluate the properties of chickpea flour films as affected by pH (7 or 10) and plasticizer concentration (1% or 3% w/v) of film-forming solutions. Water vapor permeability, solubility, color, opacity, mechanical properties, thermal stability, structural changes by Fourier transform infrared analysis, and microstructure of the films were determined. Glycerol content and pH influenced chickpea flour film properties, microstructure and structural organization; interactions were also observed. The 1% glycerol films showed lower water vapor permeability, thickness, radical scavenging capacity, elongation at break and puncture deformation, and higher dry matter content, swelling, opacity, elastic modulus, and tensile and puncture strengths than 3% glycerol films. Film-forming solutions at pH 10 produced films with higher thickness and swelling, and were greener than those from solutions at neutral pH. The changes were more intense in 1% glycerol films. Glycerol concentration and pH could be combined in order to obtain chickpea flour films with different properties according to different food packaging requirements.

Laryngeal anatomical variants and their impact on the diagnosis of mechanical asphyxias by neck pressure.

The aims of this investigation were to determine the characteristics and prevalence of anatomical variants of the larynx apparatus and to evaluate the impact of these variants on the accurate diagnosis of laryngeal fractures. A population-based study was carried out, analyzing a series of 207 consecutive autopsied cases in the Institute of Legal Medicine of Galicia (Northwestern Spain). The prevalence of triticeal cartilage was 52.7% and that of agenesis of thyroid horns 10%. Calcification of the stylo-hyoid ligament accounted for 1.4%. We identified three new anatomical variants: the terminal segmentation of the thyroid horns (11.6%), ectopic superior thyroid horns (8%) and lateral thyrohyoid ossification (5.3%). These three names, based on anatomical criteria, are the author's proposal to solve the lack of uniformity in the designation of these variants. Agenesis of thyroid horns were related to the presence of ectopic superior thyroid horns in 93% of cases, either uni or bilateral. The combination of variants was present in 6.8% of the cases, being the terminal segmentation of the thyroid horns in association with triticeal cartilage the most frequent (3.8%). The probability of misdiagnosis due to the presence of anatomical variations in deaths by pressure on the neck was high in this population (71.5%). The prevalence of triticeal cartilage in more than half of the sample, determined an important rate of potential errors (46.4%), followed by the mistaken diagnoses induced by terminal segmentation of thyroid horns (7.3%) and by ectopic superior thyroid horns (6.3%). The likelihood of a misdiagnosed laryngeal fracture was greater if the thyroid cartilage was affected, with a higher proportion of false positives comparing to the hyoid bone (p<0.001). The higher frequency of thyroid fractures in neck pressure together with the prevalence and location of triticeal cartilage on the lower third of the lateral thyrohyoid ligament are the main reasons for these results. Further studies should be done with larger samples to expand epidemiological data and consolidate these results and their influence on the diagnosis of mechanical asphyxias.

Quantification of fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEE) and ethyl glucuronide (EtG) in meconium for detection of alcohol abuse during pregnancy: Correlation study between both biomarkers.

This article presents results from 47 meconium samples, which were analyzed for fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEE) and ethyl glucuronide (EtG) for detection of gestational alcohol consumption. A validated microwave assisted extraction (MAE) method in combination with GC-MS developed in the Institute of Forensic Science (Santiago de Compostela) was used for FAEE and the cumulative concentration of ethyl myristate, ethyl palmitate and ethyl stearate with a cut-off of 600ng/g was applied for interpretation. A simple method for identification and quantification of EtG has been evaluated by ultrasonication followed solid phase extraction (SPE). Successful validation parameters were obtained for both biochemical markers of alcohol intake. FAEE and EtG concentrations in meconium ranged between values lower than LOD and 32,892ng/g or 218ng/g respectively. We have analyzed FAEE and EtG in the same meconium aliquot, enabling comparison of the efficiency of gestational ethanol exposure detection. Certain agreement between the two biomarkers was found as they are both a very specific alcohol markers, making it a useful analysis for confirmation.

Evaluation of partial-mouth recording systems of gingival parameters in a Portuguese adult population.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the diagnostic reliability of various partial-mouth recording systems (PMRS) for the simultaneous assessment of supragingival plaque, calculus, and gingival inflammation in a population of Portuguese adults. METHODS: A single examiner determined the levels of plaque, calculus, and gingival inflammation in 108 subjects using quantitative and dichotomous indices. Half-mouth and ≤ 10-tooth PMRS were compared with full-mouth examination (FME). RESULTS: On comparison with FME, Q1+Q3, Q1+Q4, Q2+Q3, Q2+Q4 combinations and the Ramfjord teeth did not show statistically significant differences in the simultaneous assessment of plaque, calculus, and gingival inflammation using both quantitative and dichotomous indices. Comparison of the prevalence of subjects that presented discrepancy in the three clinical parameters between FME and PMRS, Q1+Q3 combination was associated with lower percentages of discrepancy (range of discrepancies=0.9-6.4 percent) and a higher specificity (≥ 0.90) and sensitivity (≥ 0.89). CONCLUSIONS: The Q1+Q3 combination could be particularly applicable in studies investigating relationships between the state of gingival health and environmental or patient-related systemic factors, as well as in the development of oral health scales that include gingival parameters.

Efecto inhibidor de Lactobacillus casei 206/1 contra Escherichia coli O157:H7 / Inhibiting effect of Lactobacillus casei 206/1 against Escherichia coli O157:H7

Se ha investigado, mediante estudios de cinética de muerte celular, el efecto inhibidor de una cepa de Lactobacillus casei, aislada de un alimento cárnico fermentado producido en la región santafesina (Argentina), y de su sobrenadante libre de células (SLC), frente a tres cepas de Escherichia coli O157:H7. La cepa de L. casei 206/1 se seleccionó sobre la base de resultados obtenidos en estudios previos donde, aplicando la técnica de agar spot, se determinó que su SLC produjo el mayor efecto inhibitorio sobre E. coli O157:H7. En los ensayos de cinética de muerte celular se observó una reducción significativa de las cepas de E. coli O157:H7 estudiadas, tanto en cocultivos como en el ensayo con el SLC, no detectándose bacterias viables luego de 24 horas de incubación. Estos resultados demuestran que cepas de bacterias ácido lácticas aisladas a partir de un determinado ecosistema regional, pueden convertirse en una herramienta biotecnológica útil para controlar a E. coli O157:H7 en alimentos.

Through the study of cell death kinetics, we have analyzed the inhibiting effect of a Lactobacillus casei strain isolated from a fermented meat product produced at the Santa Fe region in Argentina, and of its cell-free supernatant (CFS), against three Escherichia coli O157:H7 strains. The L. casei 206/1 strain was selected on the basis of results obtained in previous studies where using the agar spot technique, it was determined that CFS produced the greatest inhibitory effect over E. coli O157:H7. The studies of cell death kinetics showed a significant reduction of the E. coli O157:H7 strains tested, both in cocultures and in assays with CFS, and no viable bacteria were detected after 24-hours of incubation. These results show that lactic acid bacterial strains isolated from a determined regional ecosystem, can become a useful biotechnological tool for controlling E. coli O157:H7 in food.